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Earliest British prose stories

The opening few lines of the Mabinogi, from the Blood-red Book of Hergest, scanned by the Bodleian Library

The Mabinogion (Welsh pronunciation: [mabɪˈnɔɡjɔn] ( audio speaker icon mind )) are the earliest British prose stories, and vest to the Matter of Great britain. The stories were compiled in Center Welsh in the twelfth–13th centuries from earlier oral traditions. At that place are 2 main source manuscripts, created c. 1350–1410, equally well as a few before fragments. The championship covers a collection of eleven prose stories of widely different types, offer drama, philosophy, romance, tragedy, fantasy and sense of humour, and created by various narrators over fourth dimension. At that place is a classic hero quest, "Culhwch and Olwen"; a historic legend in "Lludd and Llefelys," complete with glimpses of a far off historic period; and other tales portray a very different King Arthur from the later pop versions. The highly sophisticated complexity of the Iv Branches of the Mabinogi defies categorisation. The stories are then diverse that it has been argued that they are not fifty-fifty a truthful collection.[1]

Scholars from the 18th century to the 1970s predominantly viewed the tales as bitty pre-Christian Celtic mythology,[2] or in terms of international sociology.[3] There are certainly components of pre-Christian Celtic mythology and folklore, but since the 1970s[four] an understanding of the integrity of the tales has developed, with investigation of their plot structures, characterisation, and language styles. They are now seen as a sophisticated narrative tradition, both oral and written, with ancestral structure from oral storytelling,[5] [6] and overlay from Anglo-French influences.[7]

The showtime modern publications were English translations by William Owen Pughe of several tales in journals in 1795, 1821, and 1829.[8] Even so it was Lady Charlotte Guest in 1838–45 who first published the total collection,[9] bilingually in Welsh and English. She is often assumed to exist responsible for the proper noun "Mabinogion", but this was already in standard use in the 18th century.[10] Indeed, as early on as 1632 the lexicographer John Davies quotes a sentence from Math fab Mathonwy with the note "Mabin" in his Antiquae linguae Britannicae ... dictionarium duplex, article "Hob". The after Guest translation of 1877 in 1 volume has been widely influential and remains actively read today.[eleven] The most recent translation is a compact version by Sioned Davies.[12] John Bollard has published a series of volumes with his ain translation, with copious photography of the sites in the stories.[13] The tales proceed to inspire new fiction,[14] dramatic retellings,[fifteen] visual artwork, and research.[16]

Etymology [edit]

The proper name first appears in 1795 in William Owen Pughe's translation of Pwyll in the journal Cambrian Register under the title "The Mabinogion, or Juvenile Amusements, beingness Aboriginal Welsh Romances".[17] The name appears to accept been current among Welsh scholars of the London-Welsh Societies and the regional eisteddfodau in Wales. Information technology was inherited as the title by the first publisher of the complete drove, Lady Charlotte Guest. The form mabynnogyon occurs one time at the terminate of the first of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi in one manuscript. It is now generally agreed that this one instance was a mediaeval scribal error which causeless 'mabinogion' was the plural of 'mabinogi', which is already a Welsh plural occurring correctly at the end of the remaining three branches.[18]

The word mabinogi itself is something of a puzzle, although conspicuously derived from the Welsh mab, which means "son, boy, young person".[19] Eric P. Hamp of the earlier school traditions in mythology, plant a suggestive connectedness with Maponos "the Divine Son", a Gaulish deity. Mabinogi properly applies only to the Four Branches,[20] which is a tightly organised quartet very likely by one author, where the other 7 are so very diverse (see below). Each of these iv tales ends with the colophon "thus ends this branch of the Mabinogi" (in various spellings), hence the name.[21]

Translations [edit]

PDF file of Lady Invitee'southward translation of the Mabinogion (1st version; 1838 and 1845)

Lady Charlotte Guest's work was helped by the before inquiry and translation piece of work of William Owen Pughe.[22] The kickoff role of Charlotte Guest's translation of the Mabinogion appeared in 1838, and information technology was completed in seven parts in 1845.[23] A three-book edition followed in 1846,[24] and a revised edition in 1877. Her version of the Mabinogion remained standard until the 1948 translation by Gwyn Jones and Thomas Jones, which has been widely praised for its combination of literal accuracy and elegant literary style.[25] [26] Several more, listed beneath, have since appeared.

Date of stories [edit]

Dates for the tales in the Mabinogion have been much debated, a range from 1050 to 1225 being proposed,[27] with the consensus existence that they are to be dated to the late 11th and 12th centuries.[28] The stories of the Mabinogion appear in either or both of 2 medieval Welsh manuscripts, the White Book of Rhydderch or Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch, written circa 1350, and the Red Book of Hergest or Llyfr Coch Hergest, written about 1382–1410, though texts or fragments of some of the tales have been preserved in earlier 13th century and later manuscripts. Scholars concord that the tales are older than the existing manuscripts, but disagree over just how much older. Information technology is clear that the different texts included in the Mabinogion originated at different times (though regardless their importance as records of early myth, fable, folklore, culture, and language of Wales remains immense).

Thus the tale of Culhwch ac Olwen, with its primitive warlord Arthur and his courtroom based at Celliwig, is generally accepted to precede the Arthurian romances, which themselves testify the influence of Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae (1134–36) and the romances of Chrétien de Troyes.[29] Those following R. Due south. Loomis would date it earlier 1100, and run into it as providing important testify for the development of Arthurian legend, with links to Nennius and early Welsh poetry.[30] By contrast, The Dream of Rhonabwy is set in the reign of the historical Madog ap Maredudd (1130–60), and must therefore either exist contemporary with or postdate his reign, beingness maybe early 13th C.[31]

Much fence has been focused on the dating of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi. Ifor Williams offered a date prior to 1100, based on linguistic and historical arguments,[32] while afterward Saunders Lewis gear up forth a number of arguments for a date between 1170 and 1190; Thomas Charles-Edwards, in a paper published in 1970, discussed the strengths and weaknesses of both viewpoints, and while critical of the arguments of both scholars, noted that the language of the stories best fits the 11th century, (specifically 1050–1120),[33] although much more work is needed. More recently, Patrick Sims-Williams argued for a plausible range of near 1060 to 1200, which seems to be the current scholarly consensus (fitting all the previously suggested date ranges).

Stories [edit]

The drove represents the vast majority of prose establish in medieval Welsh manuscripts which is not translated from other languages. Notable exceptions are the Areithiau Pros. None of the titles are gimmicky with the earliest extant versions of the stories, but are on the whole mod ascriptions. The eleven tales are non adjacent in either of the main early manuscript sources, the White Volume of Rhydderch (c. 1375) and the Red Book of Hergest (c. 1400), and indeed Breuddwyd Rhonabwy is absent-minded from the White Book.

Four Branches of the Mabinogi [edit]

The Iv Branches of the Mabinogi (Pedair Cainc y Mabinogi) are the most clearly mythological stories contained in the Mabinogion drove. Pryderi appears in all iv, though not always every bit the key graphic symbol.

  • Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed (Pwyll, Prince of Dyfed) tells of Pryderi's parents and his nascency, loss and recovery.
  • Branwen ferch Llŷr (Branwen, daughter of Llŷr) is mostly well-nigh Branwen'due south marriage to the King of Ireland. Pryderi appears only does not play a major part.
  • Manawydan fab Llŷr (Manawydan, son of Llŷr) has Pryderi return abode with Manawydan, blood brother of Branwen, and describes the misfortunes that follow them in that location.
  • Math fab Mathonwy (Math, son of Mathonwy) is mostly nigh the eponymous Math and Gwydion, who come up into conflict with Pryderi.

Native tales [edit]

As well included in Lady Guest'southward compilation are 5 stories from Welsh tradition and legend:

  • Breuddwyd Macsen Wledig (The Dream of Macsen Wledig)
  • Lludd a Llefelys (Lludd and Llefelys)
  • Culhwch ac Olwen (Culhwch and Olwen)
  • Breuddwyd Rhonabwy (The Dream of Rhonabwy)
  • Hanes Taliesin (The Tale of Taliesin)

The tales Culhwch and Olwen and The Dream of Rhonabwy have interested scholars considering they preserve older traditions of Rex Arthur. The subject field matter and the characters described events that happened long before medieval times. Afterwards the departure of the Roman Legions, the later half of the fifth century was a hard fourth dimension in Britain. King Arthur's twelve battles and defeat of invaders and raiders are said to take culminated in the Battle of Badon.

There is no consensus about the ultimate significant of The Dream of Rhonabwy. On one mitt it derides Madoc'due south time, which is critically compared to the illustrious Arthurian age. However, Arthur's time is portrayed as illogical and giddy, leading to suggestions that this is a satire on both contemporary times and the myth of a heroic age.[34]

Rhonabwy is the near literary of the medieval Welsh prose tales. Information technology may have likewise been the concluding written. A colophon at the stop declares that no one is able to recite the piece of work in full without a book, the level of particular beingness also much for the memory to handle. The annotate suggests information technology was not pop with storytellers, though this was more likely due to its position as a literary tale rather than a traditional one.[35]

The tale The Dream of Macsen Wledig is a romanticised story about the Roman emperor Magnus Maximus, called Macsen Wledig in Welsh. Built-in in Hispania, he became a legionary commander in Britain, assembled a Celtic regular army and assumed the championship of Roman Emperor in 383. He was defeated in boxing in 385 and beheaded at the direction of the Eastern Roman emperor.

The story of Taliesin is a later survival, non present in the Reddish or White Books, and is omitted from many of the more recent translations.

Romances [edit]

The tales called the Iii Welsh Romances (Y Tair Rhamant) are Welsh-language versions of Arthurian tales that likewise appear in the work of Chrétien de Troyes.[36] Critics have debated whether the Welsh Romances are based on Chrétien'south poems or if they derive from a shared original.[37] Though information technology is arguable that the surviving Romances might derive, directly or indirectly, from Chrétien, it is probable that he in turn based his tales on older, Celtic sources.[38] The Welsh stories are non direct translations and include textile not constitute in Chrétien's work.

  • Owain, neu Iarlles y Ffynnon (Owain, or the Lady of the Fountain)
  • Peredur fab Efrog (Peredur son of Efrawg)
  • Geraint air-conditioning Enid (Geraint and Enid)

Influence on later works [edit]

The Console of the Mabinogi (watercolour and gouache on silk) by George Sheringham (1884-1937)

  • Kenneth Morris, himself a Welshman, pioneered the adaptation of the Mabinogion with The Fates of the Princes of Dyfed (1914) and Book of the Three Dragons (1930).
  • Evangeline Walton adapted the Mabinogion in the novels The Island of the Mighty (1936), The Children of Llyr (1971), The Song of Rhiannon (1972) and Prince of Annwn (1974), each one of which she based on one of the branches, although she began with the fourth and ended by telling the offset. These were published together in chronological sequence as The Mabinogion Tetralogy in 2002.
  • Y Mabinogi is a film version, produced in 2003. It starts with live activeness among Welsh people in the modern world. They then 'autumn into' the legend, which is shown through animated characters. It conflates some elements of the myths and omits others.
  • The tale of "Culhwch and Olwen" was adjusted by Derek Webb in Welsh and English as a dramatic recreation for the reopening of Narberth Castle in Pembrokeshire in 2005.
  • Lloyd Alexander's award-winning The Chronicles of Prydain, which are fantasies for younger readers, are loosely based on Welsh legends found in the Mabinogion. Specific elements incorporated within Alexander's books include the Cauldron of the Undead, too as adapted versions of of import figures in the Mabinogion such every bit Prince Gwydion and Arawn, Lord of the Expressionless.
  • Alan Garner's novel The Owl Service (Collins, 1967; first US edition Henry Z. Walck, 1968) alludes to the mythical Blodeuwedd featured in the Fourth Branch of the Mabinogi. In Garner's tale three teenagers detect themselves re-enacting the story. They awaken the legend by finding a prepare of dinner plates (a "dinner service") with an owl blueprint, which gives the novel its championship.
  • The Welsh mythology of The Mabinogion, especially the Four Branches of the Mabinogi, is of import in John Cowper Powys's novels Owen Glendower (1941), and Porius (1951).[39] Jeremy Hooker sees The Mabinogion every bit having "a significant presence […] through character's knowledge of its stories and identification of themselves or others with figures or incidents in the stories".[forty] Indeed, at that place are "virtually 50 allusions to these iv […] tales"' (The Four Branches of the Mabinogi) in the novel, though "some ... are fairly obscure and inconspicuous".[41] Too in Porius Powys creates the grapheme Sylvannus Bleheris, Henog of Dyfed, author of the Four Pre-Arthurian Branches of the Mabinogi concerned with Pryderi, as a style linking the mythological background of Porius with this aspect of the Mabinogion.[42]
  • J. R. R. Tolkien's The Silmarillion was influenced by the Mabinogion. Tom Shippey[43] [44] The proper noun Silmarillion is also meant to reflect the name Mabinogion.
  • J. R. R. Tolkien as well worked on a translation of Pwyll Prince of Dyfed. His translation is held at the Bodleian Library.[45] [ incomplete brusque citation ]

Come across also [edit]

  • Medieval Welsh literature
  • Christopher Williams painted three paintings from the Mabinogion. Branwen (1915) can be viewed at the Glynn Vivian Art Gallery, Swansea. Blodeuwedd (1930) is at the Newport Museum and Art Gallery. The tertiary painting in the serial is Ceridwen (1910).
  • The Chronicles of Prydain
  • Mabinogion sheep problem
  • The Silmarillion – fictional epic past J. R. R. Tolkien which takes many of its influences from the Mabinogion.

References [edit]

  1. ^ John K. Bollard. "Mabinogi and Mabinogion - The Mabinogi". The Fable and Landscape of Wales Series
  2. ^ Notably Matthew Arnold; William J. Gruffydd.
  3. ^ Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson. 1961. The International Popular Tale and the Early Welsh Tradition. The Gregynog Lectures. Cardiff: Cup.
  4. ^ Bollard 1974; Gantz 1978; Ford 1981.
  5. ^ Sioned Davies. 1998. "Written Text as Operation: The Implications for Middle Welsh Prose Narratives", in: Literacy in Medieval Celtic Societies, 133–148
  6. ^ Sioned Davies. 2005. "'He Was the Best Teller of Tales in the World': Performing Medieval Welsh Narrative", in: Performing Medieval Narrative, xv–26. Cambridge: Brewer.
  7. ^ Lady Charlotte Guest. The Mabinogion. A Facsimile Reproduction of the Consummate 1877 Edition, Academy Printing Limited Edition 1978, Chicago, Sick. p. xiii.
  8. ^ 1. William Owen Pughe. 1795. "The Mabinogion, or Juvenile Amusements, Being Ancient Welsh Romances". Cambrian Annals, 177–187.
    two. William Owen Pughe. 1821. "The Tale of Pwyll". Cambro-Briton Journal two (18): 271–275.
    3. William Owen Pughe. 1829. "The Mabinogi: Or, the Romance of Math Ab Mathonwy". The Cambrian Quarterly Magazine and Celtic Repository 1: 170–179.
  9. ^ Invitee, Lady Charlotte (2002). "The Mabinogion" (PDF). aoda.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04.
  10. ^ "Myths and legends – The Mabinogion". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC Wales – History –Themes. Retrieved 2017-08-01 .
  11. ^ Bachelor online since 2004. Charlotte Guest. 2004. "The Mabinogion". Gutenberg. http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=5160.
  12. ^ Sioned Davies. 2007. The Mabinogion. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  13. ^ i. John Kenneth Bollard. 2006. Legend and Landscape of Wales: The Mabinogi. Llandysul, Wales: Gomer Press.
    ii. John Kenneth Bollard. 2007. Companion Tales to The Mabinogi. Llandysul, Wales: Gomer Press.
    3. John Kenneth Bollard. 2010. Tales of Arthur: Legend and Mural of Wales. Llandysul, Wales: Gomer Press. Photography by Anthony Griffiths.
  14. ^ For instance, the 2009–2014 series of books commissioned past Welsh independent publisher Seren Books; merely the earliest reinterpretations were by Evangeline Walton starting in 1936.
  15. ^ e.1000. Robin Williams; Daniel Morden.
  16. ^ "BBC – Wales History – The Mabinogion". BBC. Retrieved 2008-07-eleven .
  17. ^ Peter Stevenson, Welsh Folk Tales. The History Printing, 2017, np. [i]
  18. ^ Southward Davies trans. The Mabinogion (Oxford 2007) pp. nine–x
  19. ^ I. Ousby (ed.), The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English language (Cambridge 1995), p. 579
  20. ^ Sioned Davies (translator). The Mabinogion (Oxford 2007), p. ix–10.
  21. ^ Sioned Davies (translator), The Mabinogion (Oxford 2007), p. 10.
  22. ^ "Guest (Schreiber), Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Bertie". Lexicon of Welsh Biography. National Library of Wales. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  23. ^ "BBC Wales History – Lady Charlotte Guest". BBC Wales . Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  24. ^ "Lady Charlotte Guest. extracts from her journal 1833–1852". Genuki: UK and Ireland Genealogy . Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  25. ^ "Lady Charlotte Guest". Data Wales Index and search. Archived from the original on 22 September 2012. Retrieved vi March 2015.
  26. ^ Stephens, Meic, ed. (1986). The Oxford Companion to the Literature of Wales. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 306, 326. ISBN0-nineteen-211586-3.
  27. ^ Andrew Cakewalk, The Origins of the Four Branches of the Mabinogion (Leominster 2009), p. 72, 137.
  28. ^ I. Ousby (ed.), The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English (Cambridge 1995), p. 579
  29. ^ Sioned Davies (translator), The Mabinogion (Oxford 2007), p. xxiii, 279.
  30. ^ H. Mustard (translator), Parzival (New York 1961) pp. xxxi, xlii
  31. ^ Sioned Davies (translator), The Mabinogion (Oxford 2007), p. xxi.
  32. ^ Andrew Breeze, The Origins of the Four Branches of the Mabinogion (Leominster 2009), p. 69.
  33. ^ Andrew Breeze, The Origins of the Four Branches of the Mabinogion (Leominster 2009), p. 72.
  34. ^ Brynley F. Roberts (1991). "The Dream of Rhonabwy", in: Norris J. Lacy, The New Arthurian Encyclopedia, pp. 120–121. New York: Garland. ISBN 0-8240-4377-4.
  35. ^ Ceridwen Lloyd-Morgan (1991). "'Breuddwyd Rhonabwy' and Subsequently Arthurian Literature", in: Rachel Bromwich et al., "The Arthur of the Welsh", p. 183. Cardiff: University of Wales. ISBN 0-7083-1107-5.
  36. ^ David Staines (Translator) The Complete Romances of Chrétien de Troyes. Indiana Academy Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, 1990, p. ane, 257, 339.
  37. ^ Jessie L. Weston (1993; originally published 1920). From Ritual To Romance. Princeton University Printing, Princeton, New Jersey, p. 107.
  38. ^ Roger Sherman Loomis (1991). The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol, Princeton, p. 8. ISBN 0-691-02075-2
  39. ^ John Brebner describes The Mabinogion every bit "indispensable for understanding Powys'southward later novels", by which he means Owen Glendower and Porius (fn, p. 191).
  40. ^ "John Cowper Powys: 'Effigy of the Marches'", in his Imagining Wales (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 2001), p. 106.
  41. ^ W. J. Keith, p. 44.
  42. ^ John Cowper Powys, "The Characters of the Volume", Porius, p. 18.
  43. ^ Tom Shippey, The Road to Eye Earth, pp. 193–194: "The hunting of the great wolf recalls the chase of the boar Twrch Trwyth in the Welsh Mabinogion, while the motif of 'the hand in the wolf'south oral cavity' is one of the most famous parts of the Prose Edda, told of Fenris Wolf and the god Tyr; Huan recalls several faithful hounds of fable, Garm, Gelert, Cafall".
  44. ^ Hooker 2002, pp. 176–177 harvnb fault: no target: CITEREFHooker2002 (help), "The Feigned-manuscript Topos": "The 1849 translation of The Scarlet Book of Hergest by Lady Charlotte Invitee (1812–1895), which is more widely known equally The Mabinogion, is besides of undoubted actuality (...) Information technology is now housed in the library at Jesus Higher, Oxford. Tolkien's well-known dearest of Welsh suggests that he would take likewise been well-acquainted with the source of Lady Invitee'south translation. For the Tolkiennymist, the coincidence of the names of the sources of Lady Charlotte Guest'due south and Tolkien'southward translations is striking: The Red Book of Hergest and The Ruddy Book of Westmarch. Tolkien wanted to write (interpret) a mythology for England, and Lady Charlotte Guest's work can easily be said to be a 'mythology for Wales.' The implication of this coincidence is intriguing".
  45. ^ Carl Phelpstead, Tolkien and Wales: Language, Literature and Identity, p. threescore

Bibliography [edit]

Translations and retellings [edit]

  • Bollard, John K. (translator), and Anthony Griffiths (photographer). Tales of Arthur: Legend and Landscape of Wales. Gomer Press, Llandysul, 2010. ISBN 978-1-84851-112-5. (Contains "The History of Peredur or The Fortress of Wonders", "The Tale of the Countess of the Spring", and "The History of Geraint son of Erbin", with textual notes.)
  • Bollard, John K. (translator), and Anthony Griffiths (photographer). Companion Tales to The Mabinogi: Legend and Landscape of Wales. Gomer Press, Llandysul, 2007. ISBN one-84323-825-X. (Contains "How Culhwch Got Olwen", "The Dream of Maxen Wledig", "The Story of Lludd and Llefelys", and "The Dream of Rhonabwy", with textual notes.)
  • Bollard, John K. (translator), and Anthony Griffiths (photographer). The Mabinogi: Legend and Landscape of Wales. Gomer Press, Llandysul, 2006. ISBN ane-84323-348-vii. (Contains the Four Branches, with textual notes.)
  • Davies, Sioned. The Mabinogion. Oxford Globe'south Classics, 2007. ISBN 1-4068-0509-ii. (Omits "Taliesin". Has extensive notes.)
  • Ellis, T. P., and John Lloyd. The Mabinogion: a New Translation. Oxford: Oxford Academy Press, 1929. (Omits "Taliesin"; simply English translation to list manuscript variants.)
  • Ford, Patrick K. The Mabinogi and Other Medieval Welsh Tales. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. ISBN 0-520-03414-7. (Includes "Taliesin" but omits "The Dream of Rhonabwy", "The Dream of Macsen Wledig" and the 3 Arthurian romances.)
  • Gantz, Jeffrey. Trans. The Mabinogion. London and New York: Penguin Books, 1976. ISBN 0-14-044322-3. (Omits "Taliesin".)
  • Guest, Lady Charlotte. The Mabinogion. Dover Publications, 1997. ISBN 0-486-29541-9. (Guest omits passages which only a Victorian would find at all risqué. This particular edition omits all Guest's notes.)
  • Jones, Gwyn and Jones, Thomas. The Mabinogion. Golden Cockerel Press, 1948. (Omits "Taliesin".)
    • Everyman's Library edition, 1949; revised in 1989, 1991.
    • Jones, George (Ed), 1993 edition, Everyman Southward, ISBN 0-460-87297-4.
    • 2001 Edition, (Preface by John Updike), ISBN 0-375-41175-v.
  • Knill, Stanley. The Mabinogion Brought To Life. Capel-y-ffin Publishing, 2013. ISBN 978-1-4895-1528-5. (Omits Taliesin. A retelling with General Explanatory Notes.) Presented as prose but comprising 10,000+ lines of subconscious decasyllabic verse.

Welsh text and editions [edit]

  • Branwen Uerch Lyr. Ed. Derick S. Thomson. Medieval and Modernistic Welsh Series Vol. Two. Dublin: Dublin Constitute for Advanced Studies, 1976. ISBN one-85500-059-viii
  • Breuddwyd Maxen. Ed. Ifor Williams. Bangor: Jarvis & Foster, 1920.
  • Breudwyt Maxen Wledig. Ed. Brynley F. Roberts. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. 11. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 2005.
  • Breudwyt Ronabwy. Ed. Melville Richards. Cardiff: University of Wales Printing, 1948.
  • Culhwch and Olwen: An Edition and Written report of the Oldest Arthurian Tale. Rachel, Bromwich and D. Simon Evans. Eds. and trans. Aberystwyth: Academy of Wales, 1988; Second edition, 1992.
  • Cyfranc Lludd a Llefelys. Ed. Brynley F. Roberts. Medieval and Modernistic Welsh Series Vol. 7. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Avant-garde Studies, 1975.
  • Historia Peredur vab Efrawc. Ed. Glenys Witchard Goetinck. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. 1976.
  • Llyfr Gwyn Rhydderch. Ed. J. Gwenogvryn Evans. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1973.
  • Math Uab Mathonwy. Ed. Ian Hughes. Aberystwyth: Prifysgol Cymru, 2000.
  • Owein or Chwedyl Iarlles y Ffynnawn. Ed. R.L. Thomson. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1986.
  • Pedeir Keinc y Mabinogi. Ed. Ifor Williams. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1951. ISBN 0-7083-1407-4
  • Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet. Ed. R. L. Thomson. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. I. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, 1986. ISBN 1-85500-051-2
  • Ystorya Gereint uab Erbin. Ed. R. Fifty. Thomson. Medieval and Modern Welsh Series Vol. X. Dublin: Dublin Establish for Advanced Studies, 1997.
  • Ystoria Taliesin. Ed. Patrick K. Ford. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1992. ISBN 0-7083-1092-three

Secondary sources [edit]

  • Breeze, A. C. The Origins of the "Iv Branches of the Mabinogi". Leominster: Gracewing Publishing, Ltd., 2009. ISBN 0-8524-4553-9
  • Charles-Edwards, T.M. "The Date of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi" Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion (1970): 263–298.
  • Ford, Patrick M. "Prolegomena to a Reading of the Mabinogi: 'Pwyll' and 'Manawydan.'" Studia Celtica sixteen/17 (1981–82): 110–125.
  • Ford, Patrick One thousand. "Branwen: A Report of the Celtic Affinities," Studia Celtica 22/23 (1987/1988): 29–35.
  • Hamp, Eric P. "Mabinogi". Transactions of the Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion (1974–1975): 243–249.
  • Parker, Will (2005). The Four Branches of the Mabinogi. Oregon House, CA: Bardic Printing. ISBN978-0974566757.
  • Sims-Williams, Patrick. "The Submission of Irish Kings in Fact and Fiction: Henry II, Bendigeidfran, and the dating of the 4 Branches of the Mabinogi", Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies, 22 (Wintertime 1991): 31–61.
  • Sullivan, C. West. III (editor). The Mabinogi, A Books of Essays. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1996. ISBN 0-8153-1482-5

External links [edit]

The Guest translation tin can exist found with all original notes and illustrations at:

  • Sacred Texts: The Mabinogion

The original Welsh texts can be constitute at:

  • Mabinogion (an 1887 edition at the Internet Archive; contains all the stories except the "Tale of Taliesin")
  • Mabinogion (Contains merely the four branches reproduced, with textual variants, from Ifor Williams' edition.)
  • Pwyll Pendeuic Dyuet
  • Branwen uerch Lyr
  • Manawydan uab Llyr

Versions without the notes, presumably more often than not from the Projection Gutenberg edition, can be establish on numerous sites, including:

  • Project Gutenberg Edition of The Mabinogion (From the 1849 edition of Guest's translation)
  • The Arthurian Pages: The Mabinogion
  • Branwaedd: Mabinogion
  • Timeless Myths: Mabinogion
  • The Mabinogion public domain audiobook at LibriVox

A discussion of the words Mabinogi and Mabinogion can be institute at

  • Mabinogi and "Mabinogion"
  • A discussion of places mentioned

A theory on authorship can be found at

  • Is this Welsh princess the first British woman author?

wixomwhandricits.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabinogion

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